The Colonization Of The Colony Collapse Disorder - 1036 Words

Introduction: The Colony Collapse Disorder is a strange occurrence in which worker bees from different honeybee colonies just disappear. Honeybees, which are a crucial part of the U.S. agriculture, have been under some drastic stress from the mysterious Colony Collapse Disorder, which is a syndrome defined as a dead colony with no adult bees or dead bee bodies but with a live queen, honey and juvenile bees still present in the hive. A scientific cause for the Colony Collapse Disorder has yet to be proven. What has become of the adult bees after the Colony Collapse Disorder? Body: Between 2006–2007, many beekeepers had begun to report losses of 30-90 percent of their hives. Close to 50 percent of the affected colonies have showed signs inconsistent with the known causes of honeybee death (Colony). The main symptom of the Colony Collapse Disorder is very low if not zero adult honeybees present in the hive, although a live queen is still present. There are also no dead honeybee bodies present, and often still honey and younger bees present in the hive. Verroa mites, a virus-transmitting parasite of honeybees, are often very frequently found in the hives that have been hit by Colony Collapse Disorder (Honey). Beekeepers have experienced unexpected losses such as this before; research has shown many other honeybee colonies seen losses during the 1880s, 1920s and 1960s. The descriptions of these losses sound very similar to the Colony Collapse Disorder, although there is no wayShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between The Kongolese And The Portuguese Up Unti l The Battle Of Mbwila2248 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction The Portuguese first made contact with the Kongolese in the 1400s sparking a long and varied relationship between the two kingdoms. In order to better understand how this relationship played a part in the trade, colonization, and warfare of this region of Africa, the following paper will discuss the relationship between the Kongolese and the Portuguese up until the Battle of Mbwila, what occurred at the Battle of Mbwila, and how this battle effectively destroyed the Kingdom of KongoRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Tragicomedy The Tempest1935 Words   |  8 Pagesplatform to deal with themes of rebirth and renewal, evident in its influence from the Bermuda wrecks. The early 17th century saw Europe’s growing exploration and colonization of the ‘New World,’ and the idea that humanity could redeem itself and start again. In May 1609, two years before the publication of The Tempest, on a ‘sea voyage’ to the colony of Virginia, a fleet of vessels were wreck ed in a storm on islands in the Bermudas. Strachey s True Reportory, the first written tale of the wreck shows manyRead MoreRevolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750–185010951 Words   |  44 Pagesgovernment faced two problems in its North American colonies: the danger of war with the Amerindians as colonists pushed west across the Appalachians, and the need to raise more taxes from the colonists in order to pay the increasing costs of colonial administration and defense. British attempts to impose new taxes or to prevent further westward settlement provoked protests in the colonies. 2.In the Great Lakes region, British policies underminedRead MoreThe Congo Crisis: an International Perspective Essay example6247 Words   |  25 Pagesnation. However, the great abuses of the Congo’s colonial rulers and the lack of central unity across its vast territory left the nascent republic to be taken advantage of by various forces, both inside and outside the country. 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Economic institutions determine the incentives ofRead More Capitalism, Marketing, and the Insidious and Covert Co-optation of the Self6482 Words   |  26 Pagesother (Stone 83) open the self to new territories of signification, connection, desire, and empowerment. 2.3. The Avatar in Practice Who use an avatar, and to what end? A survey of the avatars and virtual bodies inhabiting the web reveals a colony of extremely generic, homogenous representations rooted in prevailing constructions of successful commodification and accumulation: pop icons, juvenile fantasies, dumbed-down cartoon characters, and racially pure, white, young, perfect bodies. ARead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagestwentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008) when one could quite plausibly argue that a new era had begun. A compelling case can be made for viewing the decades of the global scramble for colonies after 1870 as a predictable culmination of the long nineteenth century, which was ushered inRead MoreAlexander the Great Essay13163 Words   |  53 Pageswas left in Macedonia in the charge of the royal seal; at that time, he was anything but idle: he managed to subjugate the rebellious Maedi, a Thracian tribe. He took their capital town by storm, drove out the barbarous inhabitants, and created a colony of several nations in their region, calling the new town Alexandropolis. Philips autocracy was not appreciated by the Athenians, and Demosthenes considered him semi-barbarian. Obviously the hegemony of Macedonia presented a threat for the autonomousRead MoreSexually Transmitted Diseases35655 Words   |  143 Pageschlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirex and toxaphene. Pollinator decline Insecticides can kill bees and may be a cause of pollinator decline, the loss of bees that pollinate plants, and colony collapse disorder (CCD), in which worker bees from a beehive or Western honey bee colony abruptly disappear. Loss of pollinators will mean a reduction in crop yields.Sublethal doses of insecticides (i.e. imidacloprid and other neonicotinoids) affect foraging behavior of bees.[6]. However, researchRead MoreAn Introduction to Hydrophonics and Controlled Environment Agriculture40110 Words   |  161 PagesThe Plant How to grow greenhouse crops Plant Protection: Insects and Diseases Basic Principals of Hydroponics Transplant Production Pollination, Fertilization and Bee Management Fruit Harvesting, Grading and Storage Plant Nutrition and Nutritional Disorders Fertigation Systems and Nutrient Solutions Greenhouse Site Selection Greenhouse Structures Greenhouse Control Systems Greenhouse Energy and Resource Alternatives â€Å"Greening† the Greenhouse Greenhouse Ma rketing, Economics Business Plans Appendices

Essay on Suicide in Jails - 1470 Words

Suicide In Jails The United States is plagued by a countless number of social dilemmas. Although not in constant public scrutiny, suicide is a serious problem which has seemed to have lost importance. When suicide is coupled with arrest and incarceration it becomes an increasingly complex situation. In fact, research indicates that the jail suicide rate ranges from 2.5 to 13 times greater than the rate of the general population (Winkler 1992). Motivation, prediction, and prevention of suicidal behavior are grossly unclear, which only adds to the already existing complexity. Many factors involved with arrest and incarceration only serve as a catalyst of suicidal tendencies. Suicide is the primary cause of death in this countrys†¦show more content†¦The majority of inmates commit suicide between the hours of midnight and eight A.M., usually occurring on a Saturday in the month of September (Winkler 1992). The acts take place at these specific times and days due to the fact that officer supervision is greatly decreased at these intervals. Despite the fact that supervision is so decreased, the victims are usually found within 15 minutes. Research has also been consistent in identifying other typical aspects of the jail suicide. The prominent factors are age, race,, marital status, and type of offense. The person is usually a 22 year old single whit male who has been arrested for an alcohol related offense . Many times an individual who is incarcerated because of a murder offense is automatically placed on suicide watch.The Federal Bureau of Prisons has warned local jailers that persons held for murder or any other offense involving possible death penalty be watched closely for any suicidal tendencies(Winkler 1992). Jail suicide in this case is usually caused by extreme feelings of remorse, particularly if the death of a relative is involved. Other characteristics include being under the influence of drugs or alcohol at the time of the arrest, the individual having no significant prior arrest, and being held in an urban county jail. Many feel correctional officials are responsible for an inmates well being . If this is the case, such personal characteristics asShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Prison Confinement1181 Words   |  5 Pages Issues of Jail Confinement Vanessa Williams Western Carolina University April 9, 2015 â€Æ' Introduction According to Siegel Bartollas, corrections is defined as the institutions and methods that society uses to correct, control, and change the behavior of convicted offenders (2014). Although society feels that the best way to take care of offenders is through confinement there are many issues that come in hand while being incarcerated. Depending on how you look at the issues whether theyRead MoreThe Count of Montecristo by Alexander Dumas Essay627 Words   |  3 PagesFernand and caderousse’s plan and decides not to send Edmond to Jail until Edmond reveals the name of the intended recipient who is Villerfort’s father. Not wanting to jeopardize his own career Villerfort sends Edmond to jail for treason. While in jail Edmond begins to think about suicide and falls into a depression. Edmond then begins planning his way to get revenge on the men who wronged him beginning with his plot to escape jail. Edmond Dante begins as a happy man with a soon to be wife as wellRead Mor eBullying Is The Job Of Parents And Schools929 Words   |  4 Pageswhen you force someone to do something they do not want to, and it can cause stress or then leads to suicide in some cases. In â€Å" Schoolyard Bullies † by Stephanie Simon, prosecutor James Backstrom maintains school bullies should go to jail. However, I do not think bullies should go to jail, because there are different degrees of bullying. Some bullies are victims, and sending bullies to jail does not cure them. Stopping bullying is the job of parents and schools. Parents play a keyRead MoreStigma Surrounding Mental Health Disorders1059 Words   |  5 Pages21.4%, or 1 in 5 juveniles ages 13-18, suffer from mental health disorders. Of people in our country who are homeless or incarcerated, majority of them suffer from at least one form of a mental health disorder. These disorders can also lead to suicide. Suicide is a terrible act that has risen in prevalence recently. Mental health issues are poorly understood by society. As a result, there is a stigma surrounding mental health disorders which usually leads to discrimination. Homelessness, incarcerationRead MorePreventing The Worst By Mary Allison Mitchell1403 Words   |  6 PagesMary Allison Mitchell English 2000 December 4th, 2014 â€Å"Preventing the Worst† Suicide is one of the most dominant causes of death among prisoners. Equipping prisons, prison employees, and implementing better programs to become more proactive in prevention will ultimately decrease the number of suicides among inmates. Suicide is the number one cause of deaths among local prisoners, and suicide is one of the top 5 causes of death in federal and state prisons (Noonan 2). Most prisoners begin theirRead MoreThe Effects Of Crime And Mental Illness1245 Words   |  5 Pagesseen the decline in institutions that were previously designed to help this population. According to studies, the United States has more than 2.2 million people in prisons and jails, and many of them have mild to severe mental conditions. According to Nicholas and Bryant, (2010), a survey of inmates in five different jails in New York and the Maryland states, about 16% the prisoners have severe mental illness. The study found that the women are the most affected with about 31% preference againstRead MoreShould Teens And Kids Be A Crime?850 Words   |  4 Pagesthey have committed an adult crime. Kids shouldn’t have to deal with violent adults, and have to deal with all the risks they have for being put in an adult prison. Being in prison with adults kids are at increased risks of being sexually assaulted, suicide, and even mental damage Yes, the kids have committed a crime, but they also are only kids and sending them to prison does a lot of damage to them. For that reason, I feel it is wrong for kids to be sent to prison. 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The main goal for this institution is to help out the mentally ill. Some inmate’s target the weak, and the inmates that need help would become easy prey. If an inmate even looks at an ill person it is a clear target that can easily be harmfully harassedRead MoreJuvenile Courts and Juvenile Delinquency1176 Words   |  5 Pages How would you feel if the police arrested kids all over our country to jail for just crossing the street the wrong way or pushing another kid on the playground? That is what is happening to many underage juvenile all over the United States; they are being sent to adult prisons for crimes that do not deserve such severe punishments. Why they were tried as adults is an enigma and we will explain why this is a terrible injustice. In 1899 children in between the ages of 7-14 were believed they were

The Nacirema Free Essays

In review of the article â€Å"Body Ritual Among the Nacirema† by Horace Miner, this was a very satirical piece on how Native Americans had a very ritualistic approach towards many religious ceremonies and how they interacted with each other at these ceremonies. Horace Miner brought up very appalling view points about the native Americans. The way he worded his synopsis of his studies was very dark and oppressive. We will write a custom essay sample on The Nacirema or any similar topic only for you Order Now Almost making the foreigners to him seem animalistic. When in real life they were doing things such as going to the doctor and getting their teeth cleaned but since he did not know the tools they were using it was foreign to him. This makes me wonder what I actually see in other cultures to be foreign or domestic. I may go to another country in a remote place and see very odd things and maybe be shocked but to those people it is the proven science to survival for them. Also in the satirical aspect of this paper it makes me think of how we should look at people. After reading through the article it seemed that the anthropologist went into this looking for something out of the ordinary. In studying each person seems to look and key on the interesting facts, but if you look to hard and over exaggerate it seems to imbelish what was actually happening. So actually it seems that even though this article was satirical in its purpose it over eggagerated the tools and purposes of medicine practices then and made people appear to be something that they actually were not. How to cite The Nacirema, Papers

Marketing Strategy Influence Firm Performance

Questions: Critically analyse the role and function of formal and informal institutions and evaluate how global companies may best respond to different regional settings in their strategy development and implementation processes. Critically discuss how successful companies can achieve global competitive advantage through creating and exploiting entirely new capabilities that go beyond those of competitors'. How should this process be managed effectively? Critically analyse the strategic motives which explain why multinational companies engage in Foreign Direct Investment and contrast the range of different methods available for this purpose. Evaluate the specific challenges facing start-up and SME companies in their desire to expand globally and discuss the extent to which you agree with the rationale of growth models such as the Uppsala model. Evaluate the process of global competitive dynamics and explain the various tactics and strategies that global companies may adopt in order to outperform their rivals. Answers: Introduction With the progress of time, the Multinational Companies (MNC) and such organizations are becoming more and more competitive, and thus, success is not limited to one particular destined point. With the increase in technology, innovative demand of target markets and strategic alliances, organizations are building their empire to be even more active and concrete. Some of the most successful companies are Apple Inc., Google Inc., Microsoft Corporation, Tesco, Telstra, Walmart, Toyota, Daimer Chrysler, Coles and Woolworths (Hwang and Park 2015). Each of these organizations has their strategic movements with respect to target market satisfaction and by utilizing market survey tools. However still they lag due to the improper market distribution channel, demand analysis, sales strategy, and leadership problems. Without differences in corporate strategies, organizations cannot capture larger market segment. In order to determine, how successful companies can achieve the global competitive advantage through creating and exploiting entirely new capabilities, the most successful retail giant Walmart has been chosen. Walmart falls under the retail chain industry founded fifty-four years ago in the year 1962 by Rogers in Arkansas, U.S. At present, the organization is having 11,620 employees and is serving both developed and developing countries (Abdullah Saif 2015). he range of products of Walmart is electronics, movies, music, home and furniture, clothing, home improvements, jewelry, footwear, shoes, pet supplies, health and beauty, fitness and sporting goods, auto and photo finishing, party supplies, craft supplies and grocery (Walmart.com 2016). In the year 2015, the revenue earned by Walmart was US$485.651 billion (Walmart.com 2016)The organization even has a lot of subsidiaries such as Asda, Vudu, Seiyu Group, Walmart e-commerce, Amigo Supermarkets, Massmart, and Lider. Thus, from here it can be understood how far Walmart has raised up its business across all nations including all types of product categories. In this essay, Walmart retail organization will be taken as the base of the study and the possible exploitation of new capabilities will be discussed. Discussion of Walmarts New Capabilities Walmart has been able to achieve most of the market share just by product differentiation. The number of products ranges from various categories and thereby enabling Walmart to reach all major types of target markets. According to Abdullah Saif (2015), if an organization has been able to target all customer segments with a few ranges of products then it has surely achieved highest market share. This is the same for Walmart. On the other hand, Agnihotri (2015) pointed out that along with highest product range, the organization is giving huge discounts. Thus, in future, in order to stay in the most successful position in the market, the organization has to sustain its discount giving capacity. Debt must not be raised and for that bulk supplies are to be gained from manufacturers. In the developing countries, the suppliers charge less amount for bulk supplies, but products are rich in quality. Thus, Walmart has the opportunity to raise the market demand by allowing discounts in other de veloping countries where similar products are more in price. In this way, suppliers loyalty will be raised and will sustain the win-win situation for both the stakeholders. According to Bang, Joshi and Singh (2015), sustainable competitive advantage can be received by developing the inventory management. Thus, Walmart has to use the POP data collection strategy so that inventory management can be controlled. On the other hand, Dickey et al. (2015) pointed out that long-term relationship with vendors help in increasing the organizations value. Walmart has started to operate in the fastest developing country, India and thus has the opportunity to get supplies from such nations and explore the tradition to all over the world. Fodness (2015) opined that in order to make competitive advantage, mixing and matching of tradition has often proved to be fruitful. Thus, Walmart can buy in bulk from the vendors from developing countries at low cost and sell those products across the globe with highest discounts. According to Friedman (2013), an organization may not sustain in competition if surrounded by a high amount of substitutions. Walmart has a good hold in South America, China, and Canada but it has failed to operate in Germany and South Korea. This has only happened because the number of substitutes was too much high. Strategic alliances are required for Walmart to sustain in such developed countries in future. On the other hand, Han (2015) pointed out that automated inventory management technology helps in reducing the overtime costs and complications of warehouse management. Walmart has already started to reduce the intermediaries in its supply chain and has established the cordial relationship with the manufacturers directly. In this way, the organization has been able to reduce the cost of inventory. Walmart has the distribution channel in different parts of the US. According to Hwang and Park (2015), Walmarts own warehouse provides 87% of inventory and whereas its competitors provide just 55% to 60%. On the other hand, Kang, Song, and Cha (2015) pointed out that Walmart successfully replenishes its warehouse just within two days, whereas its competitors are able to replenish warehouses only after five days. This has been only possible because Walmart directly deals with the manufacturers. Thus, the time of replenishment is reduced as the number of intermediaries is very less as compared to its competitors. This has proved to the competitive advantage for Walmart. On the other hand, Mayer and Noiseux (2015) pointed out that with automated technology for warehouse replenishment, Walmart has not only been able to reduce the time but has also reduced the price of its products. Furthermore, Miotto and Barki (2011) opined that shipping cost of Walmart is just 3%, whereas for its compe titors it is 5%. As Walmart has able to maintain the top class relationship with its distribution centers, consistent flow of products supports the supply chain of Walmart. Nugroho et al. (2015) opined that barcode system of technology helps in integrated inventory management. Walmart has maintained the rapid flow of information to all its employees regarding inventory replenishment. Each of the product categories has an individual unique barcode hand. Employees receive notification automatically whenever there is a requirement of product replenishment.. This reduced the chaos and helped in faster delivery of products. Its competitors take more time in inventory management and thus, time taken for shipping of goods is increased. Information regarding packaging, delivery, storage and shipping is done in the most integrated way reducing unnecessary paperwork. On the other hand, Olotewo (2015) pointed out that cross docking system of warehouse management has been the most effective factor for Walmart. Cross docking is the process where suppliers directly reach the warehouse and the employees select appropriate products, packages them, and sends them for sh ipping. This process has led the organization to market its products by 85% directly from its warehouse and thereby reducing the cost of products (Olotewo 2015). According to Persky and Merriman (2012), competitive advantage is reached by sustained economics where Walmart has able to reduce its cost of sales by 2% to 35 compared with kits industry average. Such amount of cost difference helps in reducing the price of products. On the other hand, Matusitz and Reyers (2010) argued that cost of sales can be reduced if the time for transportation of products from warehouse to stores is reduced. Walmart has its factory-owned trucks that transport products from warehouses to retail stores just within 48 hours. According to Rehme et al. (2015), by reducing stock-outs and excess inventory, the price of products is made stable. This reduces the cost of promotion, which aids in higher product discount. Walmart has been able to raise the discount for all its product range, which its competitors have not able to undertake. This has proved to be the competitive advantage for Walmart as price reduction helps in more unit sales. On the other hand, Stankevi it, Grunda and Bartkus (2012) argued that cross docking is extremely difficult to manage as an organization needs to make strategic investments in multiple interlocking support systems, which is far beyond justification by simple ROI criteria. Sun (2015) pointed out that Walmart is always under communication with its distribution centers, suppliers and with its every store point of sale units in order to get the idea of order flows, and consolidation of order execution so that smooth flow of products can take place. For such an integrated communication system, Walmart operates the private owned Satellite Communication System, which sends point-of-sale data directly to 4000 Walmart vendors. According to Varadarajan (2015), investment in a top class integrated communication system, which is not always feasible for all successful organizations. The organizations feel that with integrated technology, the cost of sales may be reduced, but the price of produc ts will eventually rise in the initial stages, which may affect customer retention. On the other hand, Wang (2015) argued that successful organizations have already taken all types of sustainability steps so that reduction in prices of products is possible and therefore, any further step, which can be taken, involves expanding technology involvement. Thus, from the discussion, it is evident that exploitation of new opportunity involves technology enlargement and inventory management that will limit the price of products and stabilize price changes, which will eventually increase e product awareness. Successful companies will be able to achieve global competitive advantage only if all types of market segments are reached, which will lead to sales maximization with least advertisements and promotional activities (Yuen Lam 2015). Walmart has reached out to most of its consumers just by limiting price changes and increasing discounts, thereby gaining consumer loyalty. According to Pastin (2015), technological improvement creates new capabilities for an organization, which includes online means of marketing. Lucrative offering and provocative marketing medium helps in identifying the new opportunities of market expansion. On the other hand, Christensen (2013) pointed out that online means of marketing have been the very common medium of sales at present for all successful companies. Hence, an organization needs to create unique sales strategy through online medium. Walmart has left no stone unturned in this respect. The process included Shipping Pass technology. Walmart introduced a new type of technology through which consumers can generate orders via online and would get automatic Shipping Passes for the next one year. Through Shipping Pass, registered customers would get free shipping for the next one year (Chesbrough 2013). Initially, many customers were able to create their accounts for Shipping Pass but later the link was removed. Walmart apo logized about the process and pointed out that it was the test medium of the technology, and the practical version will be updated soon on their official website. On the other hand, this strategy was an intentional strategy by Walmart, through which it came to understand the demand of consumers regarding such discount system. Such strategy acquired customers interest and thus the organization was able to catch hold its consumers for a long time after they have successfully implemented the system, which indicates new capabilities for business. From here it can be understood that organizations must not limit themselves to the traditional method of marketing but use innovative ways of online marketing so that both casual and premium customers are exclusively entertained. According to Johnston and Bate (2013), successful companies have the opportunity of improving the buying system of consumers that includes technological innovation. If the consumers are given new feelings while buying same products from supermarkets, they can be retained. Coles supermarket has installed the Blue-Sky Technology for automated buying experience enhancement for its consumers. The supermarket is huge enough and is quite similar to Walmart but not as big as the later. With Blue-Sky Technology, consumers are able to select their products through touch-screen menus and push-up buttons, which has been highly appreciated by the consumers (Cai, Hughes and Yin 2014). Thus, the organization was able to reduce their cost of employees, reduced their workers, and simultaneously engages more Australian Consumers. On the other hand, Jiang, Mavondo and Matanda (2015) pointed out that Walmart is following the same buying experience for its consumers all over the world. This organization has cut down any over expense and allocated those to discount system. Thus, the new capability is different for all organizations, where one organization tries to enhance the buying experience, and the other tries to increase discounts. According to Zawislak et al. (2012), new capabilities for corporate expansion ensure human resource management. Walmart had a tremendous expansion in the last decade and thus it was not able to manage all its business units through private airways. Therefore, it had installed the video conference technology so that all the units can be centralized under one network in real time basis. On the other hand, Ng, Ding and Yip (2013) argued that most of the successful organizations such as Kmart follow the classic textbook approach. Product oriented strategic business units are the primary focus for this organization. A strong centralized line management is supported by most of the supermarkets and thus most of the senior management spends their time in making line decisions that support infrastructure. According to Achtenhagen, Melin and Naldi (2013), the best outcome of Walmart was just because of retaining its suppliers and distributors, whereas other companies such as Kmart is constantl y engaged in changing suppliers in search price reduction. On the other hand, Tsai, Chang, and Peng (2016) were of the opinion that successful organizations need to stratify their official business within the infrastructure, but not modify their infrastructure. According to Willard (2012), the building blocks of corporate strategy are not markets or products but actually the business processes. On the other hand, Christin Jurisch et al. (2014) pointed out that competitive success depends on companys key process transformation into strategic capabilities, which provides continuous superior value to the customer. Hilb (2012) opined that the companies allocate capabilities by allocating them to strategic investments to support infrastructure that links SBUs and functions. On the other hand, Maponya (2015) pointed out that capabilities necessarily cross function; the champion of a capabilities-based strategy is the CEO. The core business capabilities for an organization consisted of five parameters, which are speed, consistency, acuity, agility, and innovativeness. Walmart has successfully maintained all these parameters and thus has been able to far exceed its competitors. The organization has been able to transform its capabilities into strat egy by involving better management rather than diversifying its target segments and thus it has able to retain its stakeholders. According to Chakravarty (2014), a shift in the strategic framework for achieving aggressive goals helps an organization in making potential business capabilities. Successful organizations need to abandon their traditional function cost, profit-center orientation by managing and identifying capabilities to link customer needs to customer satisfaction. On the other hand, Mishra, Devaraj and Vaidyanathan (2013) argued that successful organizations need to choose capabilities and make sure of the fact that the existing employees have enough skill and knowledge to achieve new capabilities. In this respect, Walmart has always engaged its consumers with the best service from its employees. Employees are always trained and are given the best knowledge of future capabilities for engaging customers. On the other hand, if Coles Australia is considered, then it can be said that with the installation of Blue-Sky technology, the employees are not well aware of the existing products in the superma rket and hence the employees do not entertain any query raised by the consumer. According to Koca-Helvaci (2015), successful organizations need to value its employees and thus, must reward them while they achieve business capabilities. In this way, employee motivation is extended. Walmart hikes the salaries of its employees after every six months and thus engages them. On the other hand, Mukoyama and Dawson (2013) pointed out that evaluation of employees is too much important for an organization but for its sustained success, the leadership must not be delegated. Cross-functional strategies are quite prone to happen when an organization changes with adaptability. Thus, the leadership must be restored within the CEO and directors so that business process is not derailed. This has been the same case for Walmart. The organization has maintained its strategic movement within its CEO and thus uniform decisions are followed throughout all the business units. Thus, it can be said that there are a lot of ways beyond traditional product diversification and situational an alysis for an organization for its expansion. Conclusion From the above discussion, it is evident that organizations will be able to enhance their competitive advantage only by technological developments and relationships with suppliers. With the progress of time, the corporate expansion will surely extend in overseas countries, but new relations have to be created. From the discussion, it has been found that Walmart has been the most successful retail organization as it has followed product diversification, largest market segmentation, excellent relationship building and top class communication channel. Global competitive advantage can only be created if there are differences in operation among the different organizations. Differences will create opportunities for successful organizations in better catching hold of the market. From the discussion it has been found that organizations will surely be able to extend its market base if new capabilities such as inventory and warehouse management are taken care. The organizations spend much of t he capital in developing their inventories. It may be difficult for organizations to fulfill cross-docking but if particular suppliers are retained then surely top class products can be selected by a successful organization. On the other hand, it must be kept in mind that marketing dimensions are changing, and consumer perception and expectation is continuously evolving. Successful organizations have to predict the demand and forecast the future opportunities by extending their RD team so that resource allocation and risk management can be thought of as early as possible. Consumer demand is continuously changing, and therefore, marketing channels require proper integration so that overseas demands are exchanged between the organizations headquarters. If organizations infrastructure requires change, then in that case it must be ascertained whether its employees are fit or not for the new framework. Technological innovation has to be well communicated to the employees so that service is maintained at the top class in future. Reference List Abdullah Saif, N., 2015. How does Marketing Strategy Influence Firm Performance? Implementation of Marketing Strategy for Firm Success.IJIED, 1(3), pp.7-15. Achtenhagen, L., Melin, L. and Naldi, L., 2013. Dynamics of business modelsstrategizing, critical capabilities and activities for sustained value creation.Long range planning,46(6), pp.427-442. Agnihotri, A., 2015. Extending boundaries of Blue Ocean Strategy.Journal of Strategic Marketing, pp.1-10. Bang, V., Joshi, S. and Singh, M., 2015. Marketing strategy in emerging markets: a conceptual framework.Journal of Strategic Marketing, pp.1-14. Cai, L., Hughes, M. and Yin, M., 2014. The relationship between resource acquisition methods and firm performance in Chinese new ventures: the intermediate effect of learning capability.Journal of Small Business Management,52(3), pp.365-389. Chakravarty, A.K., 2014. A Framework for Transformation. InSupply Chain Transformation(pp. 3-23). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Chesbrough, H., 2013.Open business models: How to thrive in the new innovation landscape. Harvard Business Press. Christensen, C., 2013.The innovator's dilemma: when new technologies cause great firms to fail. Harvard Business Review Press. Christin Jurisch, M., Palka, W., Wolf, P. and Krcmar, H., 2014. Which capabilities matter for successful business process change?.Business Process Management Journal,20(1), pp.47-67. Dickey, M., John, R., Carabin, H. and Zhou, X., 2015. Program Evaluation of a Sanitation Marketing Campaign Among the Bai in China: A Strategy for Cysticercosis Reduction.Social Marketing Quarterly, 21(1), pp.37-50. Fodness, D., 2015. Managing the wickedness of socially responsible marketing.Journal of Business Strategy, 36(5), pp.10-17. Friedman, E., 2013. Book Review: Walmart in China.ILR Review, 66(5), pp.1236-1238. Han, S., 2015. A Review of Marketing Strategy Research on Changes in Market Environment.kmr, 30(1), p.31. Hilb, M., 2012.New corporate governance: Successful board management tools. Springer Science Business Media. Hwang, M. and Park, S., 2015. 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Patrick Buchanan - Republican National Convention (Culture War) Speech 1992 free essay sample

225 Heredity and Hormones Essays

Beh/225 Heredity and Hormones Essays Beh/225 Heredity and Hormones Essay Beh/225 Heredity and Hormones Essay 1 Heredity And Hormones BEH/225 2 Heredity and hormones play major roles in our behavior. In this paper I will compare and contrast the influence of heredity and hormones on human behavior. I will also include a discussion on the endocrine system, identification of hormones and the glands responsible for secreting them, and genetics, behavior genetics, and evolutionary psychology. The nervous system and the endocrine system work together in what is called a constant chemical conversation. The endocrine system helps to coordinate and integrate complex psychological reactions. The endocrine glands release chemical substances known as hormones, which are carried by the bloodstream throughout the body. Hormone functions are similar to neurotransmitters because they carry messages. There are two reasons why psychologists are interested in hormones. The first is because at certain stages of development in life, hormones organize the nervous system and body tissues. An example would be when a child reaches puberty and hormones cause the development of breasts in females and deeper voices in males. The second reason is because hormones activate behaviors such as aggressiveness, sexual ehavior, and the ability to concentrate. Hormones also can have a dramatic effect on moods and the ability to learn. The glands that regulate hormones are the endocrine glands and this includes the thyroid gland which produces the hormone thyroxin. Thyroxin regulates the body’s metabolism and determines how energetic, or how fat or thin a person will be. If this hormone gets out of balance, it can cause fatigue, insomnia, or the desire to sleep yet feeling constantly tired. The pineal gland secretes the hormone melatonin which helps to regulate sleep-wake 3 cycles and when disturbed can cause jet-lag. The pancreas secretes two hormones insulin and glucagon which work against each other to help keep blood-sugar at a balanced level. If there is not enough sugar in the blood and urine, it may lead to diabetes and if there is too much sugar it may lead to hypoglycemia. The pituitary gland produces the largest number of different hormones. It is also known as the â€Å"master gland† and is responsible for contractions during childbirth, a mother’s milk production, body growth and thirst. The gonads, which is the testes in males and ovaries in females produce the hormones androgens and estrogens. These hormones ave male and female characteristics such as increased aggressiveness and nesting behaviors. There are two adrenal glands which affects how the body reacts to stress. The hormones released are epinephrine and norepinephrine. Epinephrine makes the heart beat faster, stops digestion, and sends more sugar into the bloodstream. Norepinephrine raises blood pressure and is carried through the bloodstream where it triggers the release of an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which prolongs the response to stress. Genetics, according to Morris (2005), is the study of how living things pass on traits from one generation to the next. Genes can determine eye color, hair color, and many other physical traits. Many heredity traits are delayed until later in life such as male-pattern baldness. Behavior genetics study topics such as perception, learning and memory, personality, and psychological disorders from a genetic perspective. Their goal is to try and identify what genes contribute to such things as temperament and intelligence. Their not saying that genes directly cause behavior, 4 but that they affect the development or operation of the nervous and endocrine system, which in turn can influence the likelihood of a certain behavior under certain circumstances. Evolutionary psychology tries to explain what behavioral traits people have in common. An example of this would be how males and females take different approaches to sexual selection, or mate choices. As we can see, heredity and hormones can influence human behaviors. Everything from aggression to our sexual behavior can be caused by hormones and heredity, and hormones affect males and females differently especially during puberty. They affect our emotions and guide our behavior. 5 References Morris, C. , Maisto, A. (2005) Psychology: An Introduction. Retrieved from https://portal. phoenix. edu/classroom/coursematerials/beh_225/20110711/

How have oil prices affected our economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How have oil prices affected our economy - Essay Example This abnormal worldwide condition reduces the value – the purchasing power – of money and it buys less than it previously did. Hovering at $130 a barrel in June of 2008, oil price has fast become a central problem affecting global politics. Nations with oil supplies recognize the scarcity and importance of oil and deal with any government and the proceeds may be lost either to corruption or may deprive other countries of a much-needed development. It is a huge investment (oil), that some governments use this as leverage for threats and financial advancement. As this has become a global phenomenon, the increasing oil prices have been felt more significantly in the airline industry and other industries as well. The high fuel prices have affected the number of cities major airlines serve as they battle to rise above the oil crisis. Jet fuel prices prompted an airline company (the Alaska Air) to even end its international flights on July of this year to curb the costs of maintaining its company afloat on a floundering market availability of oil alone (â€Å"Oil and Gasoline,† 2008). One can fairly observe the downtrend of most flights in commercial air service as well as this also affected through rising air fares where traditionally, air fares are cheap and commuter-friendly. This turmoil in aviation trickled even in earnings projection that foresee a collapsing and a bleak revenue outlook until next year. Due to these developments, airlines have been forced to cut jobs on their employees thereby increasing the statistics on unemplo yment and job security of employees is waning. The oil surge is spreading economic gloom as thousands turn jobless after companies dependent on oil such as the airline industry struggle to make ends meet and stay afloat in the business. As the shocked employees of airlines investors and airlines companies affected by the oil price increase

Assess Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assess - Essay Example It enables a person to understand things on a much higher plane and provides them with the leverage of better expression, when it comes to giving their opinions and ideas to others. My past memories of literacy, takes me back to my childhood days, when I lived with my family in Saudi Arabia and was in constant touch with my mother tongue Arabic, that came naturally to me because everyday, my mother would read me stories and narrate her own life events as the years passed by. Going to school and learning my lessons, taking part in school activities and moving with a good circle of friends, helped to influence me further and make me more literate over the years. A lot of my leisure time during the My adolescent years were greatly influenced in supplementing my reading by watching movies or engaging in multi-media by playing computer games and even entertaining role plays with my friends that I enjoyed so much. Both my parents played major roles where my language learning was concerned. They helped me imbibe a deep love for reading and speaking well, by taking me to meetings, debates and oratorical presentations where I had the opportunity of watching great speakers speak in depth on important subjects. Knowing that only my mother – tongue would not be sufficient for an all round education, they engaged me in special classes for learning the English language which I loved and further developed through reading and writing both at school and at home. Reading assignments given by my teachers over the years, helped to harness a deep understanding of both English and Arabic language and served to further influence my use of grammar and arrangement of sequential thoughts of expression, when I was given writing assignments. My English teacher was a major influential factor in my life because not only did she possess profound knowledge of the subject, but she showed genuine interest in every student while imparting that knowledge to us. understand that literacy has a

Contaminants in Recycled Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contaminants in Recycled Paper - Essay Example Grades A and B represent the virtually 100 percent of paper mill waste that is recycled a back into the milling process. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classifies mill broke (Grade A) as the scraps that are recovered during the paper-making process. (Conservatree 2007, Environmental Definitions) The mills can recycle this at almost zero cost. It is also in the mills' best interest to recycle and re-pulp the unprinted waste (Grade B), as it costs about half of what it costs to recycle post-consumer waste. These two highest grades of recycled paper are both cost-effective and free of contaminants, as it is waste created only by the product production. (Conservatree 2007, Making Paper) Post-consumer waste is where we find both a greater need for recycling and a high risk of contaminants. Depending on their use, these consumer-used products come back to the recycling plants in various forms, such as envelopes, office paper, newspaper, and magazines, and these forms are often full of contaminants. From address labels and no-lick stamps on envelopes, to colored laser printer paper, to self-stick notes, today's recycled raw materials need a lot of work to go through the system and get back into re-usable paper. (Glass 2000, p. 1) And with the demand for recycled raw materials at an all-time high with the environmental concerns of our modern world, we cannot ask the consumers to remove these hindrances before recycling. The industry must make the consumer want to recycle, and consumers will recycle more the easier it is for them to do so. This puts the removal of contaminants squarely on the paper recycling plants. The contaminants that cause the most trouble for the plants are the ones that come from adhesive-based materials. These are referred to as "stickies," as they tend to make their way through the filtering process and form into particles that can gum up machines and lower the quality of the pulp. (Glass 2000, p. 1) This is a big problem with the Grade C paper, of which a large amount comes from offices. Having workers sort through this high volume of paper is not cost-effective, so having equipment that is technologically advanced enough to weed out these contaminants is vital. Fortunately, there is technology available to help alleviate this problem. Older methods of recycling paper into pulp involved using machines that pulverize the raw material with aggressive motion. Often the stickies would disintegrate quickly and make their way through filtering attempts. Today, high consistency batch pulpers and continuous drum pulpers are available, which provide a gentler method of pulping the recycled raw materials. This, in turn, keeps the contaminants from becoming too small and getting lost in

Human Capital and Development in Nigeria

Human Capital and Development in Nigeria Development all around the world is related to the economy. The economy is in part a social system of production, exchange, distribution, and consumption of goods and services of a country. People produce, distribute and consume goods and services and as such they need to be skillful, well experienced and be in good condition physically and mentally (Human Capital) in order for the economy to develop and prosper. Human Capital development especially through Health care and Education are primary factors needed for each and every individual in a society to function well and be able to reach his/her full potentials, increasing overall productivity and thus development. Nigeria, a country with a teeming population of about 140 million constitutes a huge economy in which each and every individual matters in the development process. Every individual contributes one way or the other to the GDP and thus to development. A high level of Education in Nigeria will lead to high levels of income and savings thereby increasing investment and thus productivity. On the other hand, a low level of Education in Nigeria will lead to low levels of income, savings and investments which will eventually translate to reduced productivity. Also, a country with a high level of disease will have a low level of development unlike a country with a low level of disease which will have a far better level of development. This is because an unhealthy person will not be able to work to full capacity which will reduce overall productivity and thus GDP. Nigeria also is a democratic country, where the government is formed by the people and for the people. Without Education to some certain extent, the people that will form the government will make wrong choices and thus the whole government will always be inefficient and ineffective. Nigerias economy is already suffering from misallocation of resources, corruption, embezzlement and unethical leadership over the years. Essential issues that affect the lives of people and the economy are being dealt with by inefficient governments; Issues concerning the tradeoff between efficiency and equity in the production of social services, health care, education, clean drinking water and infrastructure. Also, government offices are filled with the wrong people (structural problems) leading to further inefficiencies which affects the peoples ability to enhance themselves both physically and mentally for a better Nigeria. Section 2 after the Introduction of the paper will cover the Literature Review. Section 3 will be Human Capital and Development Indicators. Section 4 of the paper will cover Nigerias Human Capital and Development. Section 5 will cover Empirical Investigation on the impact of Human Capital on Economic Development in Nigeria. Section 6 will cover recommendations and Conclusions. 2. Literature Review The literature of human capital and development in Nigeria is mainly centred on the emphasis of factors that constitute human capital and affect development e.g. education, health, social services and enabling environment. A definition of human capital in the work of Ogujuiba and Adeniyi (2005) state that; anything contributing to the improvement of human productivity, stimulate resourcefulness and enhance human dignity and overall quality of human life while refining attitudes, is an essential part of the human capital of any nation. These will include four important aspects namely the education system, health services, social services and good governance. Any improvement of these four important aspects will eventually lead to development. Akingbade (2008) asserts that; for any nation to have economic development within and outside its borders, it has to cater for its citizens via human capital development. Under achievement of human capital development in a country leads to underde velopment of such country via failure to meet national objectives and lack of optimization of available potentials and resources. Poor human capital leads to hunger, poverty, disease, brain-drain, optical flight, huge debts, political instability etc thereby hampering the development process. There is a positive relationship between human capital and development. As more and more efforts are made to increase the value of human capital of a society, the more the development level of that society. The more a nation has knowledgeable, skilled and resourceful individuals, the more the national growth and development of that nation. The human capital status of a nation will directly influence and positively correlate with economic and social indicators such as gross domestic product, income per capita, balance of trade, life expectancy, literacy rate, level of industrialization and the quality of infrastructural provisions. It can also have great impact on political stability, national peace and harmony as well as the prevailing ethos. (Ogujuiba and Adeniyi, 2005). One of the factors that constitute human capital and affect development is education. Increase in the level of quality education of Nigerian citizens will increase productivity and hence development. Lucas (1988) includes human capital as an additional input in the production of goods, while retaining the other features of the neoclassical growth model. In the model, the labour force can accumulate human capital, which is then used together with physical capital to generate the output of the economy. In one version of the model, human capital is acquired through time spent in an (non-productive) educational process, introducing a trade-off for workers between employing time to produce output and using it to gain further human capital that will increase their marginal productivity when working in subsequent periods. In another version of the model, human capital is gained by the workers through on-the-job training, and so the time employed working increases their productivity later on . A recent research on the impact of human capital on economic development carried out by Ogujuiba and Adeniyi shows a more robust result using data from the Central Bank of Nigeria annual report 1970 2003. Their findings were that education level indicated via primary to tertiary education enrolment in Nigeria has a positive impact on Nigerias economic development. Even though the relationship between economic development and tertiary education enrolment is positive, it is also found to be weak. This is probably associated to the decay in most of the tertiary institutions, persistent strikes and disruption of academic activities, inadequate funding and weak infrastructure in the educational sector of Nigeria. Becker (1992) provides the most direct link between education and economic growth: lower fertility provides an opportunity to increase human capital, which in turn helps sustain lower fertility. The more educated the parents are, the more likely they go for smaller families because not only do they have a higher opportunity cost of time, but also they can teach their children more effectively. High levels of human capital cause low fertility and high investment in human capital. Other factors that constitute human capital and affect development are health services, social services and good governance. Health services include all the necessary need of a citizen when he/she is ill. Health services can be reflected by several indicators such as life expectancy and infant mortality. Barro and Sala-i-Martin (1995, Ch.12), among many others, have also included life expectancy and infant mortality in the growth regressions as a proxy of tangible human capital, complementing the intangible human capital measures derived from school inputs or cognitive tests considered; their finding is that life expectancy has a strong, positive relation with growth. This means that Health services which help an individual to operate at his/her full capacity increases overall productivity and hence growth and development. When there is good governance, there will be social services and also, human capital will be increased thereby leading to development. But Nigeria, a country that relies only on oil revenues lacks good governance. Barton (2003) points out that due to lack of good governance in Nigeria, expenditure outstripped revenue, large internal budget deficits mounted and grandiose external debts appeared. He also added that a general lack of accountability and transparency, two critical factors for maintaining good governance was lacking in Nigeria. These problems also eroded overall credibility and drastically undermined investor confidence. Nigerias international image is rather poor. In a credit-risk rating published in the Economist in1994, Nigeria was ranked third to last, after Iraq and Russia (The Economist, 1994). In view of our topic, the literature has been focused mainly on the relationship that runs from human capital to development. In my own view, the relationship can also run from development to human capital. For example, Nigeria with its abundant natural resources can enjoy economic development via international trade gains. Nigeria in collaboration with multinational corporations can exploit its natural resources and sell to the world market. These gains from the global market can be channelled to various sectors of the economy thus enhancing growth and development. But all this will be possible if and only if there is good governance in Nigeria which will allocate resources efficiently, implement the right policies and lead the various sectors of the economy in the right direction. With these gains to trade, which lead to development, human capital can be revisited to enhance greater development. On the other hand also, high levels of human capital can increase revenues via increasi ng output and attracting foreign direct investments. For example the case of India; where their governments have spent a lot on their people to attain Information Technology know-how which attracts companies in the United States to outsource some of their IT work from India. Nigeria is a country with a high population thus with a high human capital potential. With the necessary governance and commitment, Nigeria can be rich in human capital thereby leading to its development. 3. Human Capital and Development Indicator Human Development Index The Human Development Index (HDI) provides a composite measure of three dimensions of human development: living a long and healthy life (measured by life expectancy), being educated (measured by adult literacy and enrolment at the primary, secondary and tertiary level) and having a decent standard of living (measured by purchasing power parity, PPP, income). All these factors affect the output level of a country. According to the 2007/2008 human development Report, Iceland is ranked 1st while Sierra Leone is ranked 177th in the 2005 human development Index. The HDI for Nigeria is 0.470, which gives the country a rank of 158th out of 177 countries. This clearly shows that Iceland is more developed than Nigeria because of the difference in human capital. Table 1 below shows Nigerias Human development index for 2005. Table 1: Nigerias human development index 2005 HDI value Life expectancy at birth (years) Adult literacy rate (% ages 15 and older) Combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio (%) GDP per capita (PPP US$) 1. Iceland (0.968) 1. Japan (82.3) 1. Georgia (100.0) 1. Australia (113.0) 1. Luxembourg (60,228) 156. Senegal (0.499) 163. Botswana (48.1) 102. Algeria (69.9) 136. Nepal (58.1) 158. Rwanda (1,206) 157. Eritrea (0.483) 164. CÃ ´te dIvoire (47.4) 103. Tanzania (United Republic of) (69.4) 137. Equatorial Guinea (58.1) 159. Benin (1,141) 158. Nigeria (0.470) 165. Nigeria (46.5) 104. Nigeria (69.1) 138. Nigeria (56.2) 160. Nigeria (1,128) 159. Tanzania (United Republic of) (0.467) 166. Malawi (46.3) 105. Guatemala (69.1) 139. Bangladesh (56.0) 161. Eritrea (1,109) 160. Guinea (0.456) 167. Guinea-Bissau (45.8) 106. Lao Peoples Democratic Republic (68.7) 140. Yemen (55.2) 162. Ethiopia (1,055) 177. Sierra Leone (0.336) 177. Zambia (40.5) 139. Burkina Faso (23.6) 172. Niger (22.7) 174. Malawi (667) Source: UNDP Human Development Index Trends The human development index trends tell an important story of how human development changes over time. Since the mid-1970s almost all regions have been progressively increasing their HDI score (Figure 2). East Asia and South Asia have accelerated progress since 1990. Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), following a catastrophic decline in the first half of the 1990s, has also recovered to the level before the reversal. The major exception is sub-Saharan Africa. Since 1990 it has stagnated, partly because of economic reversal but principally because of the catastrophic effect of HIV/AIDS on life expectancy. Figure 2: Trends Nigerias human development growth is slow compared to other regions in the world and this also translates to slow development. This is possibly due to factors that hinder the three dimensions that the HDI captures (life expectancy, adult literacy and enrolment at the primary, secondary and tertiary level and purchasing power parity, PPP, income). Factors may include: high level of diseases, poor health services, misallocation of resources, bad governance, poor infrastructure, and poor educational systems. 4. Nigerias Human Capital and Development Nigeria, a country with a teeming population of over 140 million people with an oil dependent economy has had a declining average economic growth over the years. This is in part due to poor human capital. Several sectors of the Nigerian economy have suffered immensely due to poor human capital. Poor human capital has its devastating effect on the development of any economy. Low income, hunger, poverty, disease, brain-drain, optical flight, huge debts and political instability are all the ramifications of poor human capital. Nigerias high population does not indicate high human capital value because only a few people are opportune to have quality education, health services and other human development services. The value of the human capital asset of a nation is a function of quantity, quality as well as the operating environment (Akingbade, 2008). High population only indicates high potential for human capital development. When substantial inputs and efforts are made to elevate these potentials that is when high population translate to high human capital value. Among the inputs are; a good educational system, good health systems and a conducive operating environment. Nigeria lacks both inputs and efforts needed to elevate its high human capital potentials. For instance, Nigeria is far more endowed in mineral resources and human population than Japan, Sweden or Singapore; yet it comes nowhere near these countries in technological advancement and in economic and social development. What makes the differenc e is human capital, its development, effective engagement and utilization. (Akingbade, 2008). In terms of the educational systems of Nigeria, there are a lot of government owned primary and secondary schools. Also, there are a lot of Universities in Nigeria but the problem is the amount of resources invested in these areas is insufficient. Due to the few resources allocated to the educational sector, quality education becomes difficult to attain. As Nigerias population increase in a geometrical ratio, the resources allocated to education is increasing slowly or sometimes decreasing. This misallocation of resources results to a lot of pressure on existing infrastructure leading to depreciation. Huge quantities of people pass out from primary, secondary schools and the Universities with little or no knowledge and no jobs to do. The masses in Nigeria are the ones mostly deprived of quality education and health services. Due to the deprivation of quality education, there are low incomes and wages. These low incomes and wages drive away already existing persons with high human cap ital to foreign countries in search of a better pasture (brain drain). This brain drain leads to insufficient professionals in Nigeria causing overall productivity to fall. The country is left with a lot of people with little or no useful knowledge in terms of increasing overall productivity. It is in the midst of all this that people are meant to elect a leader they dont know about. The masses deprived of quality education dont know their rights, the constitution, and other related matters that affect their social well being now and in the near future. Inefficient and ineffective leaders are put in place to continue misallocating resources thereby worsening the situation. More masses become poor and thus reduce the overall productivity of Nigeria. Another part of the problem is poor or inadequate health facilities, infrastructure and professionals. The existing health facilities and infrastructure cannot cater for the teeming population and hence a lot of people are deprived quality health care. Due to inadequate health facilities, a lot of people die from diseases that are curable thereby reducing Nigerias high human capital development potential. Also, due to low incomes and wages explained earlier, Nigerian doctors, nurses and health officers migrate to developed countries for a better life. These inadequacies in health facilities, infrastructure and professionals undermine the health sector and hence lead to reduced overall productivity of the nation. The Human Poverty Index (HPI-1) measures severe deprivation in health by the proportion of people who are not expected to survive age 40. Education is measured by the adult illiteracy rate. And a decent standard of living is measured by the unweighted average of people without access to an improved water source and the proportion of children under age 5 who are underweight for their age. The Human Poverty Index (HPI-1) value for Nigeria is 37.3 which rank Nigeria 80th among 108 developing countries. Table 2 shows the values for these variables for Nigeria and compares them to other countries. Table 2: Selected indicators of human poverty for Nigeria Human Poverty Index (HPI-1) 2004 Probability of not surviving past age 40 (%) 2004 Adult illiteracy rate (%ages 15 and older) 2004 People without access to an improved water source (%)2004 Children underweight for age (% ages 0-5) 2004 1. Barbados (3.0) 1. Iceland (1.4) 1. Estonia (0.2) 1. Thailand (1) 1. Czech Republic (1) 78. Rwanda (36.5) 158. Uganda (38.5) 127. Algeria (30.1) 114. Mali (50) 108. Philippines (28) 79. Malawi (36.7) 159. CÃ ´te dIvoire (38.6) 128. Tanzania (United Republic of) (30.6) 115. Guinea (50) 109. Indonesia (28) 80. Nigeria (37.3) 160. Nigeria (39.0) 129. Nigeria (30.9) 116. Nigeria (52) 110. Nigeria (29) 81. Burundi (37.6) 161. Guinea-Bissau (40.5) 130. Guatemala (30.9) 117. Fiji (53) 111. Sri Lanka (29) 82. Yemen (38.0) 162. Congo (Democratic Republic of the) (41.1) 131. Lao Peoples Democratic Republic (31.3) 118. Congo (Democratic Republic of the) (54) 112. Maldives (30) 108. Chad (56.9) 173. Zimbabwe (57.4) 164. Burkina Faso (76.4) 125. Ethiopia (78) 134. Bangladesh (48) Source: UNDP Nigeria, a country with abundant natural resources and high population can invest immensely in human capital development in its citizens to enjoy increased productivity. With the immense Oil revenues, Nigeria can channel sufficient resources to providing opportunities for all citizens to develop to their fullest potentials through education, training and motivation as well as creating the enabling environment for everyone to participate fully in national development. These will include expenditures in educational and training institutions, health facilities, adult functional literacy, vocational and skills acquisition programmes, information and communication technologies (ICT) as well as in research and development. With all these investments, foreign direct investment will increase (e.g. Information Technology task outsourcing of American companies from India) and revenues from within and outside the country will also increase. 5. Recommendations and Conclusion Despite all the poor education system, health services, social services and governance system in Nigeria, there are possible recommendations that will help reduce the enormous impact on the economy. Each and every system stated above has its impact on human capital and thus the development of a nation and as such have different recommendations. Starting with the poor education system in Nigeria, one must consider the resources allocated to this sector before making any recommendation. First of all, the teachers available in schools and Universities considering the number of students are really inadequate. Nowadays, everyone wants to be rich, no one wants to help in social development. Our values have changed and we have become more self centered. So our values need to be changed back via value re-orientation suiting our social values. Students need to understand what is at stake in the educational system and be encouraged to be teachers. Quality teachers need to be produced. No education system can rise above the quality of its teachers and no nation can rise above the level of its education system (Akingbade, 2008). When there is an increase in the number of quality teachers, the ratio of teachers to students will be efficient for quality education. The Nigerian populace is increasing at a geometrical ratio while the numbe r of quality schools and University is somewhat stagnant. For this reason, there need to be more schools for the teeming populace so as to have a considerably small ratio of teachers to students in a well built infrastructure conducive for learning. Also, the educational system needs to undergo reforms to be well equipped with the challenges of the highly advanced global economy. The integration of the use of computers in all spheres of the education system needs to be emphasized because the world is continuously advancing in computer technology. Teachers/Lecturers salaries and improved working conditions in educational institutions should be given high priority by the Government. Regular closure of tertiary institutions due to strikes, cult activities, and excesses of student unions, etc. should be addressed by the relevant authorities. The effort of Government on increasing primary school enrolment through the free compulsory Universal Basic Education should be sustained. This cou ld also be complemented by involving private and religious organizations. Â ­Another problem that needs urgent attention is the issue of poor health services. If the whole country is sick, the whole country stops functioning. And as such here are possible recommendations for the Nigerian health sector; First and foremost is strategizing various ways to retain our medical doctors and nurses to reduce brain drain. Due to poor salary given to these workers, they tend to migrate to other countries. The salaries of doctors and nurses need to be reconsidered in terms of the actual state of the economy. Other alternatives to well paid salaries can be more benefits to the workers to serve as an incentive to stay in Nigeria. For example policy can be created to say if you are a doctor in Nigeria, you are entitled to a house and two cars; one for you and one for your wife. Another recommendation for the Nigerian health sector is the provision of adequate facilities and infrastructure to the ever growing populace. The government needs to increase its expenditure in the health sector as the population increases. More hospitals need to be constructed and more medical equipments need to be installed in these new hospitals. Good hospital roads need to be constructed in order to have easy access. The provision of more ambulances is really a crucial issue in case of emergencies. Also, Information and Communication Technology need to be integrated to the Nigerian health sector so as to increase efficiency. Our doctors and nurses need to be updated always via the internet and as such they need to be familiar with computers and the internet for better performance. All these good hospitals with many doctors and nurses need not to be deprived for the masses; it should be accessed by all because everyone matters in the development process. Lastly, the most important issue after getting all the doctors, nurses, equipment and infrastructure is the maintenance aspect. All these hospitals need sufficient maintenance to survive for a long time and as such a qu alitative maintenance company trusted by the government should be given the sole task. If one maintenance company lacks the capacity to maintain a lot of hospitals, other qualitative maintenance companies can also be in place. With two or more maintenance companies, there will be competition between them and price of maintenance will fall. Good governance in Nigeria can be indicated via various factors and one of the factors is social service. When there is good governance, there will be qualitative and quantitative social services for the people thereby enhancing human capital. But on the other hand, when there is bad governance, there will be white elephant projects leading to few social services. Good governance in Nigeria should be encouraged via fighting corruption and setting up effective and efficient check and balance system. Every individual that is given responsibility in office should be held accountable for his/her actions. Also, government expenditure relative to its revenue should be monitored to enhance good governance. Another recommendation for good governance is making all government decisions transparent to the people. Keeping people in the loop of government decisions reduce the probability of strikes and civil unrest. Strategizing good governance for Nigeria will greatly improve Nigerias image to t he international community thereby encouraging potential investors to invest in the Nigerian economy. As investors invest and the government provides more social services for the people, human capital is immensely increased leading to economic development. In a nutshell, all recommendations should be posed at all possible factors that constitute human capital and affect development; educational systems, health services, social services and governance. It is these factors that turn high human capital potential into human capital value and it is these factors that help a nation develop both socially and economically. CONCLUSION We have seen despite the fact that Nigeria has been immensely blessed with natural resources and high human capital development potentials, it still fails to become one of the leading economic and technological giants in the world. Nigeria in the Human Poverty Index ranks 80th among 108 developing countries; meaning a lot of the masses in Nigeria are poor, deprived of health care and quality education and thus translate into low or no development. Also, Nigeria in the Human Development Index ranks 158th out of 177 countries showing that there is low life expectancy, adult literacy, purchasing power parity and enrollment at primary, secondary and tertiary level. Several results of various research points out the fact that all the factors mentioned above affect the value of human capital of a country and its development. And as such, all these factors need to be given the outmost importance in policy making. With the globalised economy becoming more competitive and advanced in terms of technology, Nigeria, a country with all that it needs to be on top should make the best use of what it has in order to have the best there is in this global economy.

All The Kings Men :: essays papers

All The Kings Men All The Kings Men by Robert Penn Warren is a novel of how Jack Burden finds himself. It was a long, political road for Jack and it was the letters of an old relative that gave him a new perspective of the world. It confused him at first, but in the passage I chose you can see what Jack’s burden really is. Cass Mastern was an old relative of Jack’s. Jack was doing his history dissertation on his life. During his life he spent time with a couple he was friends with. He slept with his friends wife and when he got word of this he killed himself. Cass Mastern felt terrible for what he had caused and enlisted in the confederate army. He made sure he stayed a private, and would not fight for he had killed his friend and must take punishment for his actions. He later was wounded and died from that wound. Jack was shocked at Cass’s life. This shock was because â€Å"Cass Mastern lived for a few years and in that time he learned the world is all one piece. He learned that the world is like an enormous spider web and if you touch it, however lightly, at any point, the vibration ripples to the remotest perimeter and the drowsy no more but springs out to fling the gossamer coils about you who have touched the web and then inject the black numbing poison under your hide. It does not matter whether or not you meant to brush the web of things. Your happy foot or your gay wing may have brushed it ever so lightly, but what happens always happens and there is the spider, bearded black and with his great faceted eyes glittering like mirrors in the sun, or like God’s eye, and the fangs dripping.† Jack couldn’t accept the truth that your actions effect everyone and everything around you not just yourself. Even when these actions are meant for good, but they may have a bad effect on someone else and things can come back to haunt you. Jack had a very pessimistic view of the world. He would not accept any responsibility for his actions. He left school with out a care, left his wife without a care, and was often very rude when he was back home.

A Condition Previously Known As Mental Retardation Education Essay

IntroductionIntellectual disablement ( ID ) , a status antecedently known as mental deceleration, is defined as a disablement characterized by important restrictions both in rational operation and in adaptative behaviour as expressed in conceptual, societal, and practical adaptive accomplishments and that the footing for the disablement has been present prior to age 18 ( AAIDD, 2002 ) . This status affects about 1 % of population ( Bello, Goharpey, Crewther & A ; Crewther, 2008 ) , and has historically been defined as an intelligence quotient ( IQ ) mark of less than 70 ( Schalock & A ; Luckasson, 2004 ) . In recent decennaries, the definition of ID has been revised, which now includes both a step of rational operation and an indicant of persons ‘ adaptative behaviour in their environment. Intelligence refers to individual ‘s overall mental ability or his/her capacity to ground, program, work out jobs, comprehend complex thoughts, and learn ( AAIDD, 2010 ) . The appraisal of rational operation is typically achieved through disposal of intelligence quotient ( IQ ) trial. Most IQ trials are structured in the manner that a mark of 100 is considered mean, with a standard divergence of 15 ( Hourcade, 2002 ) . In agreement to American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities ( AAIDD ) guideline, an rational degree that is considered to be within the scope of rational disablement if it is two or more standard divergences ( SDs ) below the mean ( AAIDD, 2002 ) . In other word, a degree of 70 IQ points or lower will be the cut-off point for ID when utilizing an IQ trial with a mean of 100 and a standard divergence ( SD ) of 15, which account for the lowest hiting 2 % of the normal population ( Flynn, 2000 ) . Adaptive behaviour refers to the aggregations of conceptual, societal, and practical accomplishments that people learn and perform in their mundane lives ( AAIDD, 2002 ) . Similar to the appraisal of rational operation, adaptative behaviour are assessed with instruments which requires detecting the person in state of affairss where these accomplishments are required, or questioning those who know the single well ( Hourcade, 2002 ) . In AAIDD web site, important restrictions in adaptative behaviour are operationally defined as public presentation that is at least two standard divergences below the mean of either ( a ) one of the undermentioned three types of adaptative behaviour: conceptual, societal, or practical, or ( B ) an overall mark on a standardised step of conceptual, societal, and practical accomplishments. In general, persons with ID possess some common features. Typically, persons with ID will larn and develop more easy than a typical individual because of their cognitive restrictions. More frequently, they present with specific it cognitive shortages such as damage in memory, attending, or comprehension of linguistic communication, which frequently result in their lupus erythematosus efficient larning abilities ( Hourcade, 2002 ; Van der Molen, Van Luit, Jongmans, & A ; Van der Molen, 2007 ) . To certain extend, their slower processing, restricted memory or attending can besides associate to their lack in ego control and ordinance, ensuing in feelings that they are more inactive or disengaged from activity ( Linn, Goodman, & A ; Lender, 2000 ) or and more distractible or unprompted than others ( Goodman & A ; Linn, 2003 ) . Therefore, persons with ID frequently require different signifiers and grade of support in the procedure of larning and development.Identification/Diagnosis of ID The standards used for designation and diagnosing of ID have evolved from a long manner. Schalock and Luckasson ( 2004 ) sum up four attacks that have been used to place individuals with ID historically. In the early twenty-four hours, ID was ab initio identifies non establishing on rigorous standards, but on persons ‘ inability to accommodate to their societal environments. The rise of medical theoretical account nevertheless has changed the attack of placing ID. In term, the base of designation was shifted to the individual ‘s symptoms complex and clinical syndromes, with the focal point on the functions of physical causes and heredity. Later, with the rise of psychometric trials, the standard for designation and diagnosing of ID was once more shifted to individual ‘s rational operation. In term, steps obtained from IQ trials are used as ways to specify and sort persons with ID and their badness of ID. The concluding displacement in the standard was to an attack they named as ‘dual-criterion ‘ , where both cognitive operation and adaptative behaviours were included as standards of specifying ID. The dual-criterion attack was foremost introduced by AAIDD ( was so named as AAMR American Association on Mental Retardation ) in 1956 and has been adopted by other diagnostic systems such as the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health ( ICF ; World Health Organization ( WHO ) , 2001 ) , the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th ed. , text rpm ( DSM-IV-TR ; American Psychiatric Association, 2000 ) , and the other clinical guidelines used for prevailing definitions of rational disablements such as the International Classification of Diseases, and Related Health Problems 10th alteration ( ICD-10 ; WHO, 1992 ) ( Schalock & A ; Luckasson, 2004 ) . The current dual-criterion attack of the categorization system besides present a paradigm displacement in the research and instruction pattern, where rational disablement is no longer be viewed as person-centered shortage, i.e. , feature of the persons. Rather, rational disablement is contextually determined and with appropriate supports, life operation of persons with rational disablement may better ( Schalock & A ; Luckasson, 2004 ) . With that, the current AAIDD categorization system emphasizes the importance of contextual support and intercession to turn toing restrictions in the countries of rational and adaptative operation. The AAIDD categorization system is one of the most widely used diagnostic systems in the field of research and instruction designation ( Schalock & A ; Luckasson, 2004 ) . The working definition of ID proposed by AAIDD composes of three key constituents which are besides normally acknowledged by DSM IV-TR and ICF ; 1 ) an IQ mark of less than 70 ; 2 ) an important shortage in adaptative map and 3 ) the oncoming of disablement prior to 18 old ages of age. Within this system, the three required steps for a diagnosing of ID include an IQ trials, adaptative behaviour graduated tables, and documented age of oncoming.Designation of ID in clinical scenesThe term designation here refers to the procedure of appraisal and diagnosing which a formal diagnosing of ID can be arrived if standards are met. As mentioned above, internationally, clinical definitions of ID are normally based on established psychiatric diagnostic systems such as ICD-10, ICF and DSM-IV-TR. As noted by Salvador-Carulla and Bertelli ( 2008 ) , there is small variableness in the standards of the different psychiatric diagnostic systems. Besides turn toing on the age oncoming of the disablement, all these systems portion a common attack, Internet Explorer, the appraisal of the individual should be taken as a whole within the context of the individual ‘s rational capacities and adaptative operation in his environment. Nevertheless, minor differences are still present within some standard among the different diagnostic systems ( Salvador-Carulla & A ; Bertelli, 2008 ) . For case, the cut-off point of the IQ degree ( AAMR: 70-75 ; DSM-IV-TR: 70 ; ICD-10: 69 ) that classify persons as holding marginal rational disablement varies among the three major diagnostic systems. Furthermore, the definition of adaptative accomplishments differs among these systems ( Colmar, Maxwell & A ; Miller, 2006 ) .Designation of ID in educational scenesThe designation of pupils with rational disablement within educational puting evolves parallelly with the alterations in the clinical diagnostic systems of this disablement ( Smith, 1997 ) . Internationally, this revised definition of ID by AAIDD has influenced the development of new categorization system in educational scene. In term, the categorization of ID has moved from a simplistic IQ-based categorization system to a more holistic attack, where a three-step attack is normally accepted as the criterion of categorization ID and explicating support. Ee, Tan and Lim ( 2004 ) sum up the stairss as follow ; 1 ) a formal appraisal of IQ and adaptative map ; 2 ) an analysis of persons in the four dimensions of rational operation and adaptative accomplishments, psychosocial and emotional consideration, physical wellness and etiology, and environmental consideration ; 3 ) depict the profile and strengths of support needed based on the profile. Although the above mentioned system has been acknowledged as a new subject for designation of ID in instruction system, there are still fluctuations in the accent and procedure of placing ID in educational scenes among states. Colmer, Maxwell and Miller ( 2006 ) remark that phenomena such as over-emphasis on IQ mark and concentrating on disablement are still prevailing in educational scenes where cognitive ability is frequently perceived as the base of person ‘s attainment. In Singapore, the guideline for designation of ID is mostly consistent with the diagnostic system of World Health Organization ( WHO ) ( NCSS, 2003 ) , where a formal appraisal of adaptative operation and IQ are necessary when finding the degree of restriction and support needed, with a prevailing inclination to adhere to the traditional categorization system, where the degree of disablement is associated with IQ tonss ( Ee, Tan & A ; Lim, 2004 ) .Educational Placement of pupils with IDThe arrangement of pup ils with ID can be classified into three chief scenes ; viz. mainstream school, particular schools and exterior of the instruction system, i.e. , drop-outs ( Snell, Luckasson, Borthwick-Duffy & A ; et Al, 2009 ) . Snell, Luckasson, Borthwick-Duffy and et Al, ( 2009 ) describe the national tendencies of arrangement for pupils with ID in the USA. Although inclusion pattern has been advocated in the last decennary of twentieth century in the USA, there are still about 50 % of pupils who are diagnosed with ID receive their instructions in separate scene such as particular schools. In add-on, a important proportion of pupils with ID leave school earlier. Cited in Snell, Luckasson, Borthwick-Duffy and et Al, ( 2009 ) , Polloway et Al. ( 2009 ) reported that in the USA, 28.6 % of pupils with rational disablements drop out form schools during the 2002-2003 school twelvemonth. Overall, the per centum of pupils with ID who are to the full included in mainstream schools is still comparatively low, accounted about 11 % in the USA ( Snell, Luckasson, Borthwick-Duffy & A ; et Al, 2009 ) . In Singapore, kids with ID are placed in both particular and mainstream schools, depending on their abilities and demands. Typically, Children with profound disablements and require extended support are enrolled in particular schools, and kids with milder disablements can be found in all degrees of educational systems ( Lim & A ; Nam, 2000 ) . The procedure of appraisal and designation of ID in educational scene is frequently motivated and guided by a primary end of enabling a sound educational arrangement. Traditionally, kids with rational disablements are normally enrolled in particular instruction schools ( MacMillan & A ; Forness, 1998 ) . With the rise of inclusion motion, the educational arrangement of kids with ID varies among states. In Singapore, kids with rational disablements, including those at mild degree are by and large enrolled in particular schools, in which most of them continue and complete their instructions within the particular instruction system ( Ee, Tan & A ; Lim, 2004 ) . Whilst in states such as the USA, where inclusion pattern has started for more than a decennary, more pupils with ID are analyzing in mainstream schools. Based on estimated prevalence rates, it is suspected a ample figure of kids with ID are enrolled in mainstream school ( Ee, Tan & A ; lim, 2004 )Screening of IDIt is recognized that planning and intercession for individualised support for persons with ID are indispensable in the current epoch. In order to program and measure the effectual and rightness of the support service, valid showing and preliminary designation are necessary to ease a formal referral and appraisal, therefore support and intercession. Nevertheless, in contrast to the considerable understanding among professional pedagogues and clinicians as to which guidelines and processs to follow in naming rational disablement, there is no consensus on the formal processs to test ID ( MacMillan & A ; Forness, 1998 ) . As cited in MacMillan and Forness ( 1998 ) , in the USA, most of the pupils with ID are foremost screened and referred by their instructors for formal designation of ID by mental wellness professionals. Similarl y, in Singapore, no formal processs are available when come into the showing of ID. The informal showings of pupils with possible rational disablements are normally done by school instructors. In fact, the procedure of referral for a formal appraisal and diagnosing frequently starts with instructor ‘s observation on pupils ‘ clear and consistent underachievement in their academic work ( Ee, Tan & A ; Lim, 2004 ) . In other word, due to missing of formal guidelines for testing procedure, instructors ‘ cognition and judgement on the pupils ‘ abilities play important functions in the referral and designation procedure. Teachers played a cardinal function in the designation of pupils with particular educational demands and in specifying the degree of support ( LOS ) they required for each pupil ( McKinnon & A ; Cordon, 1998 ) The grounds are described as follow ; foremost, since instructors normally refer pupils after they realize that pupils ‘ public presentations are significantly below the norm. The ‘norm ‘ , i.e. , mean public presentation of the pupil ‘s immediate equals becomes the benchmark for instructors to do determinations for referral. In term, a underachieving pupils will be more likely referred for formal appraisal if he is in a category or school with high-achieving equals, and otherwise less likely to be referred if all his schoolmates are low-achieving. Second, the instructors ‘ relevant cognition on ID and particular demands is besides important in the procedure of testing without a formal showing tool ( MacMillan & A ; Forness, 1998 ) . In such instance, who get referred varies from schoolroom to classroom as some instructors may hold higher tolerance working with academic-weak pupils, and others may hold small capableness in covering with those with troubl e to maintain up with school course of study. The ‘teachers factors ‘ in the procedure of testing for ID and particular demands are even evidenced in X school, where most of pupils are academic under-achievers, with co morbid behavioural and emotional troubles. A determination for referral is frequently less distinct when there are multiple jobs are naming for attending. Therefore, a standardised showing tool may supply a common metric for instructors to establish on when placing pupils necessitating formal appraisal and particular demands. In line with current diagnostic system, a testing tool with focal point on both cognitive ability and adaptative behaviours is necessary when come to a determination for support and arrangement.InclusionThe term inclusion here refers to a pattern that pupils with disablements are integrated into general instruction schoolrooms ( Quah, 2004 ) . In inclusive instruction, persons with disablements study full-time in general instruction schoolrooms. However, necessary supports may be given during their procedure of survey in general instruction schoolrooms ( Quah, 2004 ) . Since the late twentieth century, inclusive instruction has become an international tendency and docket ( Ainscow, Booth & A ; Dyson, 2006 ) . Policies and statute law have been passed in many parts of the universe to advance inclusion in instruction ( Booth, 1999 ; Bricker, 2000 ; Harris & A ; Stephenson, 2003 ; Ainscow, Booth & A ; Dyson, 2006 ) . In response to the displacement in statute law in particular instruction, ( grounds ofmore inclusion of ID in other states ) Inclusion of Down ‘s syndrome in mainstream school is widely accepted in England after more than 20 old ages of inclusion run ( Booth, 1996 ) . Snell, et Al ( 2009 ) more ID pupils are included in regular schools However, non in Singapore, As pointed out by Lim and Nam ( 2000 ) , in Singapore, a double instruction system providing to pupils with and without disablements is still runing. ( Due to miss of preparation for instructors ) Movement towards incorporating pupils with disablements, particularly those with moderate to terrible degree of disablements into regular schools remains slow. Teachers still refer their pupils with ID to particular schools Integrated instruction is an earlier version and refers to giving excess support to pupils with particular demands who are take parting in the mainstream course of study without major restructuring of content or bringing ( Booth, 1996 ) . . However, the tendency of inclusion has besides been accepted by society and school forces. Programs and services have been put frontward to ease the inclusion of pupils with physical disablements and autism ( Lim & A ; Nam, 2000 ) . ( Add more from LIM and NAM ) Although inclusive instruction is accepted as an international tendency for persons with disablements, surveies have revealed assorted consequences of benefits and jobs. Harmonizing to Wong ( 2002 ) , research surveies on inclusive instruction by and large suggest an betterment in societal accomplishments and community integrating after arrangement in mainstream school. Whilst, there are besides concerns that inclusion was damaging to run intoing the demands of some pupils if the adaptation of course of study is non tally with their cognitive abilities. In his survey on parents ‘ perceptual experience on inclusion pattern in Hong Kong, Wong ( 2002 ) studies that pupils with disablements face enormous trouble in run intoing academic demands in school, which impose obstructions for their effectual acquisition. ( ? Benefit related to Severity of ID or degree of support needed )Multi-cultural issues in showing and designationThere is ever concern that cultural minorities are falsel y identified as being rational disable. In order to turn to this concern, MacMillon et Al, ( 1996, as cited in MacMillon and Forness, ( 1998 ) ) investigate the presence of systemic differences among referred Caucasian, Hispanic and African American pupils in California. Their findings suggested that the Verbal and Performance IQ of Caucasic pupils are higher than African American pupils, taking to a plausible decision that schools are unwilling to mistake in mentioning minority pupils.History of instruction for kids with ID in SingaporeLack of preparation on particular instruction among instructors